Kukho iinkqubo ezintathu zokujikeleza kwegazi kwiiyunithi zokukhenkceza zemizi-mveliso, kwaye iingxaki zesikali zinokwenzeka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokujikeleza kwegazi, ezifana nenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi ekhenkcezisiweyo, inkqubo yokujikeleza kwamanzi, kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ukujikeleza nge-elektroniki. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokujikeleza kwegazi zifuna intsebenziswano engathethiyo ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yomsebenzi ozinzileyo.
Kungoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukugcina inkqubo nganye ikwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokusebenza. Nangona ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhenkceza eziveliswe ekhaya kuzinzile, ukuba ukugcinwa nokugcinwa okufunekayo akwenziwanga ixesha elide, kuya kukhokelela kwiingxaki ezininzi zesikali. Akupheleli nje ekuvalekeni kwezixhobo, kodwa kukwachaphazela nokuhamba kwamanzi kwezixhobo.
Inempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kweeyunithi zokukhenkceza zemizi-mveliso, kwaye ide inciphise ubomi beyunithi zokukhenkceza zemizi-mveliso. Ke ngoko, ukucoca ngexesha kubaluleke kakhulu kwiiyunithi zokukhenkceza zemizi-mveliso.
1. Kutheni ifriji inesikali?
Izinto eziphambili zokukala kwinkqubo yamanzi okupholisa ziityuwa zecalcium kunye neetyuwa zemagnesium, kwaye ukunyibilika kwazo kuncipha xa ubushushu bunyuka; xa amanzi okupholisa edibana nomphezulu wesixhobo sokutshintsha ubushushu, iidiphozithi zokukala kumphezulu wesixhobo sokutshintsha ubushushu.
Kukho iimeko ezine zokungcoliswa kwefriji:
(1) Ukwenziwa kwetyuwa ibe yikristale kwisisombululo esigcweleyo esineenxalenye ezininzi.
(2) Ukufakwa kwee-colloids zendalo kunye nee-colloids zeeminerali.
(3) Ukubophana kwamasuntswana aqinileyo ezinto ezithile ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okusasazeka.
(4) Ukubola kwezinto ezithile nge-electrochemical kunye nemveliso yeentsholongwane, njl. Ukuna kwezi ngxubevange yeyona nto iphambili ekulinganisweni, kwaye iimeko zokuvelisa ukuna kwe-solid phase zezi: ukunyibilika kweetyuwa ezithile kuncipha ngokunyuka kobushushu. Ezifana ne-Ca(HCO3)2, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2, njl. Okwesibini, njengoko amanzi ephuma, ukuxinana kweetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo emanzini kuyanda, kufikelela kwinqanaba lokugcwala kakhulu. Kwenzeka i-chemical reaction emanzini ashushu, okanye ii-ion ezithile zenza ezinye ii-ion zetyuwa ezinganyibilikiyo.
Kwityuwa ezithile ezihlangabezana nezi meko zingasentla, amahlumela okuqala abekwa kuqala kumphezulu wesinyithi, aze emva koko abe ngamasuntswana kancinci kancinci. Inesakhiwo sekristale esingabonakaliyo okanye esifihlakeleyo kwaye ihlangana ukuze yenze iikristale okanye amaqela. Iityuwa zeBicarbonate zezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela ukurhawuzelelwa emanzini apholisayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba icalcium carbonate enzima ilahlekelwa yibhalansi ngexesha lokufudumeza kwaye ibola ibe yicalcium carbonate, icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi. Icalcium carbonate, kwelinye icala, ayinyibiliki kakhulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibekwa kwiindawo zokupholisa. Okwangoku:
Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3↓+H2O+CO2↑.
Ukwakheka kwesikali kumphezulu wesitshintshi sobushushu kuya kugqwala izixhobo kwaye kunciphise ubomi benkonzo yesixhobo; okwesibini, kuya kuthintela ukudluliselwa kobushushu kwesitshintshi sobushushu kwaye kunciphise ukusebenza kakuhle.
2. Ukususwa kwesikali efrijini
1. Uhlu lweendlela zokususa iikalika
Iindlela zokususa isikali kumphezulu wezinto ezitshintsha ubushushu ziquka ukususa isikali ngesandla, ukususa isikali ngoomatshini, ukususa isikali ngeekhemikhali kunye nokususa isikali ngokwasemzimbeni.
Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa iikali. Iindlela zokunciphisa iikali ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neendlela zokunciphisa iikali zilungile, kodwa ngenxa yomgaqo osebenzayo wezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokunciphisa iikali ze-elektroniki, kukwakho neemeko apho isiphumo singafanelekanga, ezinje:
(1). Ubunzima bamanzi buyahluka ngokweendawo.
(2). Ubunzima bamanzi beyunithi buyatshintsha ngexesha lokusebenza, kwaye isixhobo sokukhupha iikalika se-elektroniki semvula encinci sinokwenza isicwangciso sokukhupha iikalika esifanelekileyo ngokweesampuli zamanzi ezithunyelwe ngumvelisi, ukuze ukususa iikalika kungabi sakhathazeka ngezinye iimpembelelo;
(3). Ukuba umqhubi akayinaki into yokutsalwa kombane, umphezulu wesitshintshi sobushushu uya kuqhubeka uncitshiswa.
Indlela yokususa iikhemikhali ingaqwalaselwa kuphela xa isiphumo sokudluliselwa kobushushu beyunithi siphantsi kwaye isikali sibi kakhulu, kodwa siya kuchaphazela izixhobo, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuthintela umonakalo kumaleko we-galvanized kunye nokuchaphazela ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo.
2. Indlela yokususa udaka
I-sludge yenziwe ikakhulu ngamaqela eentsholongwane ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye ne-algae ezinyibilikayo kwaye zizalane emanzini, zidityaniswe nodaka, isanti, uthuli, njl.njl. ukuze zenze i-sludge ethambileyo. Ibangela ukubola kwimibhobho, inciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye yonyusa ukumelana nokuhamba kwamanzi, inciphisa ukuhamba kwamanzi. Zininzi iindlela zokujongana nayo. Ungongeza i-coagulant ukwenza into exhonyiweyo emanzini ajikelezayo ijike ibe ziintyatyambo ze-alum ezikhululekileyo kwaye zihlale ezantsi kwe-sump, enokususwa ngokukhupha amanzi amdaka; ungongeza i-dispersant ukwenza amasuntswana axhonyiweyo asasazeke emanzini ngaphandle kokutshona; Ukwakheka kwe-sludge kunokucinezelwa ngokongeza ukucoca ecaleni okanye ngokongeza amanye amayeza okuthintela okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane.
3. Indlela yokususa ukonakala komhlwa
Ukugqwala kubangelwa ikakhulu ludaka kunye neemveliso zokugqwala ezinamathela kumphezulu wetyhubhu yokudlulisa ubushushu ukuze zenze ibhetri yoxinzelelo lweoksijini kwaye kwenzeka ukugqwala. Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kokugqwala, umonakalo wetyhubhu yokudlulisa ubushushu uya kubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweyunithi, kwaye amandla okupholisa aya kwehla. Iyunithi inokulahlwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abasebenzisi bathwale ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Enyanisweni, ekusebenzeni kweyunithi, lo gama nje umgangatho wamanzi ulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ulawulo lomgangatho wamanzi luyaqiniswa, kwaye ukwakheka kokungcola kuyathintelwa, impembelelo yokugqwala kwinkqubo yamanzi yeyunithi inokulawulwa kakuhle.
Xa ukwanda kwesikali kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuyilungisa, izixhobo zokususa iikalingi ngokwasemzimbeni zinokufakelwa imisebenzi yokulwa nokunciphisa iikalingi, njengezixhobo zokususa iikalingi ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zokususa iikalingi ze-magnetic vibration ultrasonic, njl.
Emva kokuba isikali, uthuli kunye ne-algae zinamathele, ukusebenza kokudlulisa ubushushu kwetyhubhu yokudlulisa ubushushu kuyehla kakhulu, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kweyunithi iyonke.
Ukuthintela ukukrwala nokuqandisa amanzi efrijini kwi-evaporator ngexesha lokusebenza, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeenkqubo zamanzi efrijini: umjikelo ovulekileyo kunye nomjikelo ovaliweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo sisebenzisa umjikelo ovaliweyo. Ngenxa yokuba yisekethe evaliweyo, ukufuma kunye noxinzelelo akuyi kwenzeka. Kwangaxeshanye, umoya Isediment, uthuli, njl. emanzini aziyi kuxutywa emanzini, kwaye ukukrwala kwamanzi efrijini kuncinci, ikakhulu xa kujongwa ukuqandisa kwamanzi efrijini. Amanzi akwi-evaporator ayaqandisa kuba ubushushu obuthathwa yi-refrigerant xa iphuma kwi-evaporator bukhulu kunobushushu obunokubonelelwa ngamanzi efrijini ahamba kwi-evaporator, ukuze ubushushu bamanzi efrijini buwe ngaphantsi kwendawo yokuqandisa kwaye amanzi ayaqandisa. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqwalasele la manqaku alandelayo ngexesha lokusebenza:
1. Nokuba izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi lingena kwi-evaporator lihambelana nezinga lokuhamba kwamanzi elilinganisiweyo lenjini ephambili, ingakumbi ukuba kusetyenziswa iiyunithi ezininzi zokukhenkcisa ngaxeshanye, nokuba umthamo wamanzi ongena kwiyunithi nganye awulingani, okanye nokuba umthamo wamanzi weyunithi kunye nepompo isebenza omnye komnye. Ingxaki ye-shunt yeqela lomatshini. Okwangoku, abavelisi bee-bromine chillers basebenzisa kakhulu iiswitshi zokuhamba kwamanzi ukugweba ukuba kukho ukungena kwamanzi na. Ukukhethwa kweeswitshi zokuhamba kwamanzi kufuneka kuhambelane nezinga lokuhamba kwamanzi elilinganisiweyo. Iiyunithi ezinemiqathango zinokuxhotyiswa ngeevalvu zebhalansi yokuhamba kwamanzi eziguqukayo.
2. Umphathi we-bromine chiller uxhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokukhusela amanzi abandayo kubushushu obuphantsi. Xa ubushushu bamanzi abandayo buphantsi kune-+4°C, umninimzi uya kuyeka ukusebenza. Xa umqhubi eqhuba okokuqala ehlotyeni minyaka le, kufuneka ajonge ukuba ukhuseleko lobushushu obuphantsi lwamanzi abandayo luyasebenza na kwaye ixabiso lokuseta ubushushu lichanekile na.
3. Ngexesha lokusebenza kwenkqubo yokupholisa umoya ye-bromine chiller, ukuba ipompo yamanzi iyeka ukusebenza ngequbuliso, injini ephambili kufuneka imiswe ngoko nangoko. Ukuba ubushushu bamanzi kwi-evaporator buyehla ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo, njengokuvala ivalvu yokuphuma kwamanzi efrijini ye-evaporator, ukuvula ivalvu yokukhupha amanzi ye-evaporator ngokufanelekileyo, ukuze amanzi kwi-evaporator akwazi ukuhamba aze athintele amanzi ukuba angaqini.
4. Xa iyunithi ye-bromine chiller iyeka ukusebenza, kufuneka yenziwe ngokweenkqubo zokusebenza. Okokuqala yima injini ephambili, linda imizuzu engaphezu kweshumi, uze uyimise ipompo yamanzi efrijini.
5. Iswitshi yokuhamba kwamanzi kwiyunithi yokukhenkcisa kunye nokhuseleko lobushushu obuphantsi lwamanzi okukhenkcisa azinakushenxiswa ngokuthanda.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-09-2023
