1. Ukuwelda: kubhekisa kwindlela yokucubungula efikelela ekubopheni kwe-atom ye-weldments ngokufudumeza okanye ngoxinzelelo, okanye zombini, ngezinto zokuzalisa okanye ezingenazo.
2. Umthungo wokuthunga: ubhekisa kwinxalenye edibeneyo eyenziwe emva kokuba umthungo uthungelwe.
3. I-Butt joint: i-joint apho ubuso bokugqibela be-weldments ezimbini buhambelanayo.
4. Umsele: Ngokweemfuno zoyilo okanye zenkqubo, umsele onemilo ethile yejiyometri uyacutshungulwa kwindawo eza kudityaniswa nomsele.
5. Ukuphakama kokuqinisa: Kwi-butt weld, ukuphakama kwenxalenye yentsimbi ye-weld edlula umgca ongaphezulu komphezulu we-weld toe.
6. Ukwenziwa kwekristale: Ukwenziwa kwekristale kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokwakheka nokukhula kweenucleus zekristale.
7. Ukwenziwa kwekristale yokuqala: Emva kokuba umthombo wobushushu uphumile, isinyithi esikwichibi lokuwelda siyatshintsha ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwisolid, okubizwa ngokuba yikristale yokuqala yechibi lokuwelda.
8. Ukwenziwa kwekristale yesibini: Uthotho lweenkqubo zotshintsho lwesigaba ezidlula kuzo iintsimbi ezishushu kakhulu xa zipholisiwe ukuya kubushushu begumbi zikwenziwa kwekristale yesibini.
9. Unyango lokudlula: Ukuze kuphuculwe ukuxhathisa ukugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali, ifilimu ye-oxide yenziwa ngokwenziwa phezu komphezulu.
10. Ukususwa kwe-oxidation: Xa ubushushu buhla, i-iron oxide eyanyibilika ekuqaleni kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo iyaqhubeka nokusasaza iye kwi-slag, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa umxholo we-oksijini kwi-weld. Le ndlela yokususwa kwe-oxidation ibizwa ngokuba yi-diffusion deoxidation.
11. Ukuguqulwa kweplastiki: Xa amandla angaphandle esusiwe, ukuguqulwa okungenakubuyela kwimo yokuqala kukuguqulwa kweplastiki.
12. Ukuguqulwa kwe-elastic: Xa amandla angaphandle esusiwe, ukuguqulwa okunokubuyisela imo yokuqala kukuguqulwa kwe-elastic.
13. Isakhiwo esidityanisiweyo: isakhiwo sesinyithi esenziwe ngokudityaniselwa.
14. Uvavanyo lokusebenza koomatshini: indlela yokuvavanya eyonakalisayo yokuqonda ukuba iimpawu zoomatshini zesinyithi esitshisiweyo kunye namalungu atshisiweyo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo.
15. Uhlolo olungatshabalalisiyo: lubhekisa kwindlela yokuhlola iziphene zangaphakathi zezinto kunye neemveliso ezigqityiweyo ngaphandle komonakalo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa.
16. Ukuwelda nge-arc: kubhekisa kwindlela yokuwelda esebenzisa i-arc njengomthombo wobushushu.
17. Ukuwelda kwe-arc engaphantsi komhlaba: kubhekisa kwindlela apho i-arc itsha phantsi komaleko we-flux xa kuwelda.
18. Ukuwelda nge-arc ekhuselwe yigesi: kubhekisa kwindlela yokuwelda esebenzisa igesi yangaphandle njenge-arc medium kwaye ikhusela i-arc kunye nendawo yokuwelda.
19. Ukuwelda okukhuselweyo ngegesi ye-carbon dioxide: indlela yokuwelda esebenzisa i-carbon dioxide njengegesi yokuwelda, ebizwa ngokuba yi-carbon dioxide welding okanye i-second shielded welding.
20. Ukuwelda nge-argon arc: ukuwelda ngegesi kusetyenziswa i-argon njengegesi yokukhusela.
21. Ukuwelda kwe-argon arc yesinyithi: ukuwelda kwe-argon arc kusetyenziswa ii-electrodes ezinyibilikayo.
22. Ukusika ngeplasma: Indlela yokusika kusetyenziswa i-plasma arc.
23. Ukugoba i-arc yekhabhoni: indlela yokusebenzisa i-arc eyenziwe phakathi kwentonga yegrafiti okanye intonga yekhabhoni kunye nomsebenzi ukuze kunyibilikiswe isinyithi kwaye kuphuphunywe ngomoya ocinezelweyo ukuze kufezekiswe indlela yokucubungula imingxunya kumphezulu wesinyithi.
24. Ukuqhekeka okubhityileyo: Luhlobo lokuqhekeka okwenzeka ngequbuliso ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwesinyithi ngeplastiki enkulu phantsi koxinzelelo olungaphantsi kakhulu kwinqanaba lokukhupha.
25. Ukulungisa izinto ngendlela eqhelekileyo: ukufudumeza intsimbi ngaphezu komgca wobushushu obubalulekileyo be-Ac3, ukuyigcina kwi-30-50°C ixesha eliqhelekileyo, uze uyipholise emoyeni. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-normalizing.
26. Ukudibanisa: kubhekisa kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu yokufudumeza intsimbi kubushushu obufanelekileyo, uyibambe ixesha eliqhelekileyo uze uyipholise kancinci ukuze ufumane isakhiwo esikufutshane nemeko yokulingana.
27. Ukucima: Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu apho intsimbi ifudunyezwa ukuya kubushushu obungaphezulu kwe-Ac3 okanye i-Ac1, ize ipholiswe ngokukhawuleza emanzini okanye kwioyile emva kokugcinwa kobushushu ukuze kufunyanwe isakhiwo esiqinileyo.
28. Ukufunxa ngokupheleleyo: kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokufudumeza i-workpiece engaphezulu kwe-Ac3 ukuya kwi-30°C-50°C ixesha elithile, emva koko iphole kancinci ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-50°C ngobushushu besithando, ize iphole emoyeni.
29. Izixhobo zokuwelda: Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubungakanani bokuwelda, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuthintela ukuguquka kokwelda.
30. Ukufakwa kwe-Slag: I-Welding slag eseleyo kwi-weld emva kokuwelda.
31. I-Welding slag: i-slag eqinileyo egquma umphezulu we-weld emva kokuwelda.
32. Ukungena okungaphelelanga: Ingxaki yokuba ingcambu yelungu ingangeni ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuwelda.
33. Ukubandakanywa kweTungsten: Amasuntswana eTungsten angena kwi-weld esuka kwi-electrode ye-tungsten ngexesha lokuwelda ngegesi engasebenziyo ye-tungsten.
34. Ukuqhekeka: Ngexesha lokuwelda, amaqamza echibini elinyibilikisiweyo ayasilela ukuphuma xa eqina aze ahlale ezenze imingxunya. I-Stomata inokwahlulwa ibe yi-stomata exineneyo, i-stomata efana nempethu kunye ne-stomata efana nenaliti.
35. Ukunqunyulwa okungaphantsi: ngenxa yokukhethwa okungafanelekanga kweeparamitha zokuwelda okanye iindlela zokusebenza ezingalunganga, imingxunya okanye ukudilika okwenziwa ecaleni kwesinyithi esisezantsi sozwane lokuwelda.
36. Ithumba lokuwelda: Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda, isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sihamba siye kwisinyithi esisisiseko esinganyibiliki ngaphandle kwentsimbi ukuze senze ithumba lesinyithi.
37. Uvavanyo olungonakalisiyo: Indlela yokufumanisa iziphene ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukusebenza kunye nokuthembeka kwezinto ezihloliweyo okanye imveliso egqityiweyo.
38. Uvavanyo lokutshabalalisa: indlela yokuvavanya ukusika iisampuli kwiintsimbi okanye iziqwenga zovavanyo, okanye ukwenza uvavanyo lokutshabalalisa kwimveliso yonke (okanye inxalenye eqikelelweyo) ukujonga iimpawu zayo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini.
39. Isixhobo sokulawula ukuwelda: Isixhobo esithumela kwaye sibambe intloko yokuwelda okanye itotshi yokuwelda kwindawo eza kuwelda, okanye sishukumise umatshini wokuwelda ngendlela emiselweyo ngesantya esikhethiweyo sokuwelda.
40. Ukususwa kwe-slag: indlela elula ngayo iqokobhe le-slag eliwela kumphezulu we-weld.
41. Ukwenziwa kwe-electrode: kubhekisa ekusebenzeni kwe-electrode ngexesha lokusebenza, kubandakanya uzinzo lwe-arc, imo ye-weld, ukususwa kwe-slag kunye nobukhulu be-spatter, njl.njl.
42. Ukucocwa kweengcambu: Umsebenzi wokucoca ingcambu yokuwelda ukusuka ngasemva kwe-weld ukulungiselela ukuwelda ngasemva ubizwa ngokuba kukucoca iingcambu.
43. Indawo yokuwelda: indawo yendawo yomthungo wokuwelda ngexesha lokuwelda nge-fusion, enokumelwa yi-integration angle yomthungo wokuwelda kunye ne-weld seam rotation angle, kubandakanya ukuwelda okuthe tyaba, ukuwelda okuthe tye, ukuwelda okuthe tye kunye nokuwelda okungaphezulu.
44. Uqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo: Isiqwenga sokudibanisa siqhagamshelwe kwipali elungileyo yombane, kwaye i-electrode iqhagamshelwe kwipali engalunganga yombane.
45. Uqhagamshelo olubuyela umva: indlela yocingo apho i-weldment iqhagamshelwe kwipali engalunganga yombane, kwaye i-electrode iqhagamshelwe kwipali ethembekileyo yombane.
46. Uqhagamshelo lwe-DC positive: Xa usebenzisa umbane we-DC, isiqwenga sokudibanisa siqhagamshelwe kwipali positive yombane, kwaye intonga yokudibanisa iqhagamshelwe kwipali positive yombane.
47. Uqhagamshelo olubuyela umva lwe-DC: Xa kusetyenziswa umbane we-DC, isiqwenga sokudibanisa siqhagamshelwe kwipali engalunganga yombane, kwaye i-electrode (okanye i-electrode) iqhagamshelwe kwipali echanekileyo yombane.
48. Ukuqina kwe-arc: kubhekisa kwinqanaba apho i-arc ithe tye khona ecaleni kwe-electrode axis phantsi kwemiphumo yokuncipha kobushushu kunye nokuncipha kwemagnethi.
49. Iimpawu ze-Arc static: Phantsi kwemeko yezinto ezithile ze-electrode, ubude begesi kunye nobude be-arc, xa i-arc itsha ngokungaguqukiyo, ubudlelwane phakathi kotshintsho lwe-welding current kunye ne-arc voltage ngokubanzi lubizwa ngokuba luphawu lwe-volt-ampere.
50. Ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo: Inxalenye yesinyithi esilulwelo esinomfanekiso othile wejiyometri eyenziwe kwi-weldment phantsi kwesenzo somthombo wobushushu be-welding ngexesha le-fusion welding.
51. Iiparameter zokuwelda: Ngexesha lokuwelda, kukhethwa iiparameter ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuwelda (ezifana nomsinga wokuwelda, i-voltage ye-arc, isantya sokuwelda, amandla omgca, njl.njl.).
52. Umsinga wokuwelda: umsinga ohamba kwisekethe yokuwelda ngexesha lokuwelda.
53. Isantya sokuwelda: ubude bomthungo wokuwelda bugqityiwe ngexesha ngalinye.
54. Ukuguqulwa kwe-twisting: kubhekisa ekuguqulweni kokuba iziphelo ezibini zecandelo zijijeke kwi-engile ejikeleze i-neutral axis kwicala elichaseneyo emva kokuwelda.
55. Ukuguquka kwamaza: kubhekisa ekuguqukeni kwezinto ezifana namaza.
56. Ukuguquguquka kwe-Angular: Kukuguquguquka okubangelwa kukungangqinelani kokuncipha okunqamlezileyo kwicala lobukhulu ngenxa yokungalingani kwecandelo elinqamlezileyo le-weld.
57. Ukuguquka kwecala: Yinto yokuguquka kwe-weld ngenxa yokuncipha kwecala lendawo yokufudumeza.
58. Ukuguquguquka kwe-longitudinal: kubhekisa ekuguqukeni kwe-weld ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-longitudinal yendawo yokufudumeza.
59. Ukuguquguquka kokugoba: kubhekisa kukuguquguquka okugoba kwenxalenye kwicala elinye emva kokuwelda.
60. Izinga lokuzibamba: libhekisa kwisalathiso sobungakanani ukulinganisa ubungqongqo bamalungu adibeneyo.
61. Ukugqwala phakathi kweegranular: kubhekisa kwinto yokugqwala eyenzeka kwimida yeenkozo zeesinyithi.
62. Unyango lobushushu: inkqubo yokufudumeza isinyithi ukuya kubushushu obuthile, ukuyigcina ikubushushu obuthile kangangexesha elithile, uze uyipholise ukuya kubushushu begumbi ngesantya esithile sokupholisa.
63. I-Ferrite: Isisombululo esiqinileyo se-lattice ye-cubic egxile emzimbeni eyenziwe ngentsimbi kunye ne-carbon.
64. Iimfanta ezishushu: Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlanganisa, umthungo wokuhlanganisa kunye nentsimbi kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu zipholiswa kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu kufutshane nomgca we-solidus ukuze kuveliswe iimfanta zokuhlanganisa.
65. Ukufudumeza kwakhona i-crack: ibhekisa kwi-crack eveliswayo xa i-weld kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu zifudunyezwa kwakhona.
66. Ukuqhekeka kweWelding: Phantsi kwesenzo esidibeneyo soxinzelelo lweWelding kunye nezinye izinto ezibuthathaka, amandla okubopha ee-athomu zesinyithi kwindawo yasekuhlaleni yejoyinti edibeneyo ayatshatyalaliswa ukuze kwenziwe isithuba esiveliswa yi-interface entsha, enesithuba esibukhali kunye neempawu ezinkulu zomlinganiselo wobume.
67. Iimfanta ze-crater: iimfanta ezishushu eziveliswa kwiimfanta ze-arc.
68. Ukukrazula okuneeleya: Ngexesha lokuwelda, kwakheka umngxuma okwimo yeleli ecaleni komaleko oqengqelekayo wepleyiti yentsimbi kwilungu eliweldayo.
69. Isisombululo esiqinileyo: Luhlobo oluqinileyo oludalwa kukusasazwa okufanayo kwento enye kwenye into.
70. Ilangatye lokuwelda: ngokubanzi libhekisa kwilangatye elisetyenziswa ekuwelding igesi, elikwaquka ilangatye le-atomic ye-hydrogen kunye nelangatye le-plasma. Kwiigesi ezivuthayo ezifana ne-acetylene hydrogen kunye negesi ye-petroleum enyibilikisiweyo, i-acetylene ikhupha ubushushu obukhulu xa itshiswa kwi-oksijini ecocekileyo, kwaye ilangatye liphezulu, ngoko ke ilangatye le-oxyacetylene lisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuwelding igesi okwangoku.
71. Uxinzelelo: lubhekisa kumandla athwalwa yinto kwindawo nganye.
72. Uxinzelelo lobushushu: lubhekisa kuxinzelelo olubangelwa kukusasazwa kobushushu obungalinganiyo ngexesha lokuwelda.
73. Uxinzelelo lwezicubu: lubhekisa kuxinzelelo olubangelwa lutshintsho lwezicubu olubangelwa lutshintsho lobushushu.
74. Uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo: Luxinzelelo olukhoyo kwicala elinye kwi-weldment.
75. Uxinzelelo oluvela macala omabini: Luxinzelelo oluvela kumacala ahlukeneyo kwindawo ethile.
76. Uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lwe-weld: lubhekisa kuxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo ukuba lubekhona kwi-weld.
77. Uxinzelelo lokusebenza: Uxinzelelo lokusebenza lubhekisa kuxinzelelo oluthwalwa yi-weld esebenzayo.
78. Uxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo: lubhekisa kukusasazwa okungalinganiyo koxinzelelo olusebenzayo kwijoyinti edibeneyo, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo liphezulu kunexabiso eliqhelekileyo loxinzelelo.
79. Uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi: lubhekisa kuxinzelelo olugcinwe kumzimba othambileyo xa kungekho mandla angaphandle.
80. Indawo eshushu kakhulu: Kwindawo echaphazeleka bubushushu yokuwelda, kukho indawo enesakhiwo esishushu kakhulu okanye iinkozo ezirhabaxa kakhulu.
81. Isakhiwo esishushu kakhulu: Ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa, isinyithi esisisiseko esikufutshane nomgca wokudibanisa sidla ngokushushu kakhulu kwindawo ethile, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iinkozo zikhule kwaye zenze isakhiwo esineempawu ezibuthathaka.
82. Isinyithi: Izinto ezili-107 zifunyenwe kwindalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Phakathi kwezi zinto, ezo zinombane oqhuba kakuhle, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokutsha kunye nokukhanya kwesinyithi zibizwa ngokuba ziintsimbi.
83. Ukuqina: Amandla esinyithi okumelana nokungqubana nokubanjwa kuthiwa bukuqina.
Ukubhitya kwi-84.475°C: Ii-welds ze-Ferrite + austenite ezimbini-phase ezine-ferrite phase engaphezulu (ngaphezulu kwe-15~20%), emva kokufudumeza kwi-350~500°C, i-plasticity kunye nokuqina kuya kuncipha kakhulu, oko kukuthi, izinto ziyatshintsha. Ngenxa yokubhitya ngokukhawuleza kwi-475°C, idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-475°C embrittlement.
85. Ukufutha: Isinyithi siqinile kubushushu obuqhelekileyo, kwaye xa sifudunyezwa kubushushu obuthile, siyatshintsha ukusuka kwimeko eqinileyo ukuya kwimeko yolwelo. Olu phawu lubizwa ngokuba yifutha.
86. Utshintsho lwe-short-circuit: ithontsi elisekupheleni kwe-electrode (okanye ucingo) lidibana ne-short-circuit ne-dill enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye ngenxa yobushushu obunamandla kunye nokuncipha kwe-magnetic, liyaqhuma kwaye litshintshele ngqo kwi-dill enyibilikisiweyo.
87. Utshintsho lwesifutho: Ithontsi elinyibilikisiweyo likwimo yamasuntswana amancinci kwaye lidlula ngokukhawuleza kwindawo ye-arc ukuya kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo ngendlela efana nesifutho.
88. Ukufuma: Ngexesha lokufutha, isinyithi sokufutha sixhomekeke kwisenzo se-capillary ukuba sihambe phakathi kweendawo zokufutha. Amandla ale sinyithi sokufutha esilulwelo sokungena nokunamathela emthini abizwa ngokuba kukufuma.
89. Ukwahlulwahlulwa: Kukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kweenxalenye zeekhemikhali ekudibaniseni.
90. Ukumelana nokugqwala: kubhekisa kubuchule bezinto zesinyithi bokumelana nokugqwala ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasaza.
91. Ukumelana ne-oxidation: kubhekisa kubuchule bezinto zesinyithi bokumelana ne-oxidation.
92. Ukubhitya kwehydrogen: Ingxaki yokuba ihydrogen ibangela ukuncipha okukhulu kwe-plasticity yentsimbi.
93. Emva kokufudumeza: Ibhekisa kumlinganiselo wetekhnoloji wokufudumeza i-weldment ukuya kwi-150-200°C kangangexesha elithile emva kokuyihlanganisa yonke okanye kwindawo ethile.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-14-2023
